A deeper understanding of the milling operation of ball mills helps mineral processing engineers to control and optimize them, and therefore, reduce their consuming power. In this work, the milling operation of ball mills is investigated using two methods, i. e. DEM and combined DEM-SPH. First, a pilot scale ball mill with no lifter is simulated by both methods. Then another pilot scale ball mill with eight rectangle lifters is simulated again by both methods. The effects of lifters on ball shoulder and toe points as well as on creation of cascading and cataracting movements for balls are studied by both methods. At the present time, there is not enough measured data available for dense slurries interacting with the coarse particulates available in the public domain that can be used adequately to validate these types of predictions. The results obtained indicated that fluid slurry in the mill lowered the charge shoulder by about 28 cm and 25 cm in the no-lifter and eight-lifter cases, respectively. However, it raised the charge toe by about 36 cm and 6 cm in the no-lifter and eight-lifter cases, respectively.

An approach for modeling of cutting force in ball-end milling process is presented in this paper. This model has the capability of estimating the cutting forces for various cutting conditions. A commercially available geometric engine (ACIS) is used to represent the cutting edge, cutter and updated part. (To determine cutting edge engagement for each tool rotational step, the intersections between the cutting edge and boundary of the contact face, and between tool and updated part, are determined). The engaged portion of the cutting edge is divided into small differential oblique cutting edge segments and the cutting force components are calculated by summing up the differential cutting forces, A series of experiments were performed to verify the proposed approach.

An approach for modeling of cutting force in ball-end milling process is presented in this paper. This model has the capability of estimating the cutting forces for various cutting conditions. A commercially available geometric engine (ACIS) is used to represent the cutting edge, cutter and updated part. To determine cutting edge engagement for each tool rotational step, the intersections between the cutting edge with boundary of the contact face between tool and updated part are determined. The engaged portion of the cutting edge is divided into small differential oblique cutting edge segments and the cutting force components are calculated by summing up the differential cutting forces. A series of experiments were performed to verify the proposed approach.

Nano fillers are part of new studies to enhance various properties of fluids and solids. For example, adding nanoparticles as an enforcement in nanocomposites or as an additive to improve thermal or electrical properties in nano-fluids are of extreme importance in science and industry. There are numerous methods to uniformly disperse nanoparticles in fluid and solid phase. One of the well-used techniques is utilizing ball mills. Milling method is treated widely to uniformly disperse Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) in solid or fluid state materials. However, the issue is that this method abolishes some part of CNTs' structure. As a result, this defect adversely decreases the improvement of designated properties. In this research, two methods of milling conditions have been analyzed to find out their impacts on CNTs' structure. The first method is milling Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) in ambient temperature. On the other hand, in the second method the temperature dwindled to-196° C by Retsch new generation ball mills (Cryo-mill). This apparatus flows liquid nitrogen (LN2) around the shaking jar and decreases the temperature as low as-196° C. To analyze the impact of these methods of milling on MWCNTs, Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph, X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis are scrutinized on MWCNTs’ structure. In conclusion, all the aforementioned experiments provide sufficient support to implicitly convince that cryo-milling method has less defective impact on initial MWCNTs.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most important bioactive ceramics because of its biocompatibility and structural similarity to the mineral part of bones and teeth. It has a broad clinical application in the field of dentistry, orthopedic and coatings of Biomaterials. The aim of this study is to construct nano-hydroxyapatite micro particles using calcite, silica and zinc oxide. Using ball milling, the powder of these three compounds, crushed and then are molded in a cylindrical shape. Then the whole thing is compressed and heated in an oven.by considering the differential of X ray it is possible to obtain the most suitable milling time, temperature and baking time. The graph of the analysis of the samples was compared with the HS results. According to the results, the sample A with 10 hours of milling, heating temperature of 1100oC for 2 hours produced the most amount of Hardestunate product among the others samples.

An approach for static and dynamic simulation of ball-end milling of die surfaces is presented in this paper. It has the capability of estimating the static and dynamic cutting forces and tool deflections for various cutting conditions. A commercially available geometric engine (ACIS) is used to represent the cutting edge, cutter and updated part. To determine cutting edge engagement for each tool rotational step, the intersections between the cutting edge and boundary of the contact face between tool and updated part are determined. The engaged portion of the cutting edge is divided into small differential oblique cutting edge segments and the static cutting force components are calculated by summing up the differential cutting forces. In dynamic simulation, the dynamic chip thickness is computed by summing up the static chip thickness, the tool deflection and the undulation left from the previous tooth. For calculating the ploughing forces, wu' s model is extended to the ball-end milling process. The total forces, including the cutting and ploughing forces, are applied to the structural vibratory model of the system and the dynamic deflections at the tool tip are predicted. A series of experiments were also performed to verify the proposed approach.

Nanocrystalline Pb1–3x/2GdxTiO3 (where x = 0.01) abbreviated as PGT has been synthesized by high energy ball milling at room temperature. X-ray analysis shows that single-phase tetragonal structure of nanocrystalline PGT was formed after 15-h milling. The average crystallite size was found to be 17 nm. The frequency-dependent AC conductivity of the PGT ceramic was studied in the range 100°C to 525°C. Complex impedance analysis suggested the dielectric relaxation to be of non-Debye type. The activation energy was found to be 1.04 ev. The mechanism of charge transport in nanocrystalline PGT was successfully explained by correlated hopping model.